How did scientists figure out how to read ancient Egyptian?

The Hypothetical of Ancestor Egyptian Language

How the Rosetta Stone Helped Decipher Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs

1. What Is the Rosetta Stone?

• Discovery: French soldiers excavating near Rashid (Rosetta), Egypt, in July 1799 uncovered a dark granodiorite slab bearing a decree from 196 BCE (British Museum).

• Three Scripts: Inscribed in three ways—hieroglyphs (for sacred texts), demotic (everyday Egyptian), and ancient Greek—allowing side-by-side comparison (British Museum).

2. The Power of Greek Texts

• Scholars already understood ancient Greek, so by aligning the Greek with the hieroglyphic and demotic versions, they began identifying matching words and phrases .

3. Early Pioneers: De Sacy, Åkerblad, Young

• Silvestre de Sacy laid the groundwork by analysing demotic and teaching future Egyptologists (Arcadia).

• Johan David Åkerblad, a student of de Sacy, matched demotic signs to sounds, identifying names and common words (Arcadia).

• Thomas Young advanced further in 1814 by recognising phonetic cartouches in hieroglyphs and connecting them to “Ptolemaios.” He also spotted similarities between demotic and hieroglyphs (British Museum).

4. Champollion’s Breakthrough

• Who He Was: A gifted French linguist fluent in Coptic, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and more—raised largely by his brother Jacques‑Joseph (Wikipedia).

• Critical Insight (Sept 14, 1822): While comparing Coptic-born words like “to give birth” (ms) with hieroglyphic signs, Champollion realized hieroglyphs were not just pictorial but also phonetic and ideographic (Wikipedia).

• Celebration & Presentation: He famously exclaimed “Je tiens mon affaire!” (“I’ve got it!”) before collapsing—and on September 27, 1822, he unveiled his findings at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris (Smithsonian Magazine).

Understanding Hieroglyphs: The Coptic Connection & Symbolic Versatility

Coptic: The Linguistic Bridge

• What Coptic Is: A descendant of ancient Egyptian, used by Christian Egyptians, and written with Greek script plus additional letters (Arcadia).

• Champollion’s deep fluency—practised with Father Youhanna Chiftichi at Saint‑Roch Church—allowed him to recognise phonetic patterns in hieroglyphs (Wikipedia).

Phonetic, Ideographic & Determinative Use

• He proved a hieroglyph could:

  • Phonetically spell sounds (using rebus-like principles),

  • Ideographically represent ideas or objects,

  • Use determinatives to clarify meaning (e.g. ‘old’ vs. ‘praise’) (The New Yorker).

Why This Matters: From Egyptology to Cultural Legacy

1. Birth of Egyptology: Champollion’s Letter to M. Dacier laid the groundwork for formal studies of ancient Egypt (Wikipedia).

2. Reviving Lost History: Texts from tombs, temples, and papyri—silent for centuries—became readable, opening vast new chapters of ancient civilisation (Ancient Egypt Alive).

3. Modern Impact & Ethics: The Rosetta Stone became synonymous with “the key to understanding,” inspiring everything from apps to space missions. Yet it's also a focus of cultural heritage debates—Egypt continues to request its return from the British Museum (The New Yorker).

Summary: The Pillars of Decipherment

Pillar Description

Rosetta Stone Three-language decree (hieroglyphic, demotic, Greek)

Greek Provided direct translation reference

Early Scholars De Sacy, Åkerblad & Young unlocked key pieces

Champollion Used his knowledge of Coptic to decode phonetic, ideographic, and determinative elements

Legacy Sparked Egyptology, restored ancient voices, fuelled cultural dialogues

Final

Champollion’s journey—fueled by rigorous linguistic study, mentorship, and deep devotion—enabled the modern understanding of hieroglyphs. His discovery is a testament to scholarly persistence, and it continues to influence both academia and global cultural awareness.